{"id":804,"date":"2013-08-19T16:59:55","date_gmt":"2013-08-19T15:59:55","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.mr-int.ch\/?p=804"},"modified":"2015-05-17T12:42:51","modified_gmt":"2015-05-17T11:42:51","slug":"climate-change-if-and-when-all-proved-reserves-of-fossil-fuel-will-have-been-burned","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.mr-int.ch\/?p=804","title":{"rendered":"Changement climatique: et si les r\u00e9serves de carburants fossiles \u00e9taient toutes br\u00fbl\u00e9es"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Il y a une quantit\u00e9 limit\u00e9e de carburants fossiles sur terre.<br \/>\nSelon\u00a0 le dernier \u00a0\u00bb BP Statistical Review of World Energy\u00a0\u00bb publi\u00e9 en juin 2013<a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn1\">[1]<\/a> les r\u00e9serves av\u00e9r\u00e9es (proved) dans tout le monde sont les suivantes :<\/p>\n<table width=\"558\" border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"139\">P\u00e9trole<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"64\">\n<p align=\"right\">235.8<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"71\">10<sup>12 <\/sup>Kg<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"142\">correspondant \u00e0<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"46\">\n<p align=\"right\">16.7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"96\">10<sup>12 <\/sup>Kmol C<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"139\">Schistes bitumineux<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"64\">\n<p align=\"right\">62.6<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"71\">10<sup>12 <\/sup>Kg<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"142\"><\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"46\">\n<p align=\"right\">4.4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"96\">10<sup>12 <\/sup>Kmol C<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"139\">Charbon<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"64\">\n<p align=\"right\">860.9<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"71\">10<sup>12 <\/sup>Kg<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"142\"><\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"46\">\n<p align=\"right\">71.7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"96\">10<sup>12 <\/sup>Kmol C<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"139\">Gaz<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"64\">\n<p align=\"right\">187.3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"71\">10<sup>12<\/sup> m<sup>3<\/sup><\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"142\"><\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"46\">\n<p align=\"right\">8.4<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"96\">10<sup>12 <\/sup>Kmol C<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>En plus des hydrates de m\u00e9thane se trouvent au fond des oc\u00e9ans et dans le permafrost. La quantit\u00e9 estim\u00e9e est de l&rsquo;ordre de 500 \u00e0 2500 gigatonnes de carbone <a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn2\">[2]<\/a>. En supposant que la quantit\u00e9 inf\u00e9rieure sera exploitable un potentiel consid\u00e9rable d&rsquo;\u00e9missions de CO<sub>2<\/sub> en r\u00e9sultera :<\/p>\n<table width=\"559\" border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"139\">Hydrate de M\u00e9thane<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"64\">\n<p align=\"right\">500<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"81\">10<sup>12 <\/sup>Kg C<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"132\"><\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"47\">\n<p align=\"right\">41.7<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"96\">10<sup>12 <\/sup>Kmol C<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"139\"><\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"64\"><\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"81\"><\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"132\">\n<p align=\"right\">Total<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"47\">\n<p align=\"right\">142.9<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"96\">10<sup>12 <\/sup>Kmol C<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Que serait alors la concentration de CO2 cdans l&rsquo;atmosph\u00e8re?<\/h2>\n<p>Durant l&rsquo;Holoc\u00e8ne et jusque avant le d\u00e9but de l&rsquo;\u00e8re industrielle il est commun\u00e9ment admis qu&rsquo;une concentration en CO<sub>2<\/sub> de\u00a0 280 ppm est rest\u00e9e \u00e0 peu pr\u00e8s constante.<\/p>\n<p>Depuis le d\u00e9but de l&rsquo;\u00e8re industrielle (1750) il est estim\u00e9 que 365 milliards de tonnes de carbone ont \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9mis dans l&rsquo;atmosph\u00e8re par les activit\u00e9s humaines <a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn3\">[3]<\/a>.<br \/>\nDe ces 30.3\u00b710<sup>12<\/sup> Kmol de CO<sub>2<\/sub> approximativement les deux tiers sont rest\u00e9s dans l&rsquo;atmosph\u00e8re pour atteindre une concentration de 390-400 ppm et un tiers a \u00e9t\u00e9 captur\u00e9 sous forme de biomasse additionnelle ou de s\u00e9diments.<\/p>\n<p>Si le m\u00eame ratio \u00e9tait conserv\u00e9 dans une atmosph\u00e8re totale de 182\u2019000\u00b710<sup>12 <\/sup>Kmol la combustion de toutes les r\u00e9serves fossiles ajouterait 525 ppm au niveau actuel et la concentration \u00ab\u00a0ultime\u00a0\u00bb en CO<sub>2<\/sub> atteindrait 925 ppm.<\/p>\n<h2>Quelle augmentation de temp\u00e9rature cela provoquerait-il?<\/h2>\n<p>Selon Myhre et al<a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn4\">[4]<\/a> le \u00ab\u00a0forcing\u00a0\u00bb primaire r\u00e9sultant d&rsquo;un changement de concentration en CO<sub>2<\/sub> s&rsquo;exprime par:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/blog.mr-int.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/Eq_DeltaF.png\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-801\" alt=\"Eq_DeltaF\" src=\"http:\/\/blog.mr-int.ch\/wp-content\/uploads\/Eq_DeltaF.png\" width=\"119\" height=\"36\" \/><\/a>\u00a0 , en [W m<sup>-2<\/sup> K<sup>-1<\/sup>]<\/p>\n<p>En utilisant un simple mod\u00e8le statique de l&rsquo;atmosph\u00e8re \u00e0 deux couches <a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn5\">[5]<\/a> le changement de temp\u00e9rature s&rsquo;\u00e9tablirait\u00a0 comme suit:<\/p>\n<table width=\"586\" border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\">\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"86\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"84\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"94\">\n<p align=\"center\">Forcing primaire<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"115\">\n<p align=\"center\">\u0394T<br \/>\nprimaire<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"74\">\n<p align=\"center\">Forcing feedback<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"66\">\n<p align=\"center\">\u0394T feedback<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"66\">\n<p align=\"center\"><b>\u0394T overall<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"86\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"84\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"94\">\n<p align=\"center\">[W m<sup>-2<\/sup> K<sup>-1<\/sup>]<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td colspan=\"2\" width=\"115\">\n<p align=\"center\">[K or \u00b0C]<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"74\">\n<p align=\"center\">[W m<sup>-2<\/sup> K<sup>-1<\/sup>]<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"66\">\n<p align=\"center\">[K or \u00b0C]<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"66\">\n<p align=\"center\"><b>[K or \u00b0C]<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"86\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"84\"><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"94\">(Myhre et al.)<\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"57\"><\/td>\n<td valign=\"bottom\" nowrap=\"nowrap\" width=\"58\"><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"74\"><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"66\"><\/td>\n<td valign=\"top\" width=\"66\"><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" colspan=\"2\" width=\"170\">Atteindre 925 ppm depuis 280 d&rsquo;avant l&rsquo;\u00e8re industrielle<\/td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" width=\"94\">\n<p align=\"center\">6.39<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"57\">\n<p align=\"center\">Surface<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"58\">\n<p align=\"center\">1.245<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"74\">\n<p align=\"center\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 -1.62<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"66\">\n<p align=\"center\">-0.318<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"66\">\n<p align=\"center\"><b>0.93<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"57\">\n<p align=\"center\">TOA<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"58\">\n<p align=\"center\">2.275<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"74\">\n<p align=\"center\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 -2.96<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"66\">\n<p align=\"center\">-1.075<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"66\">\n<p align=\"center\"><b>1.20<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" colspan=\"2\" width=\"170\">Atteindre 925 ppm depuis les actuels 400<\/td>\n<td rowspan=\"2\" width=\"94\">\n<p align=\"center\">4.49<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"57\">\n<p align=\"center\">Surface<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"58\">\n<p align=\"center\">0.875<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"74\">\n<p align=\"center\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 -1.14<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"66\">\n<p align=\"center\">-0.223<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"66\">\n<p align=\"center\"><b>0.65<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td width=\"57\">\n<p align=\"center\">TOA<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"58\">\n<p align=\"center\">1.603<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"74\">\n<p align=\"center\">\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 -2.08<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"66\">\n<p align=\"center\">-0.756<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<td width=\"66\">\n<p align=\"center\"><b>0.85<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td colspan=\"3\" width=\"265\">TOA: \u201cTop Of the Atmosphere\u201d<\/td>\n<td width=\"57\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"58\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"74\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"66\"><\/td>\n<td width=\"66\">\n<p align=\"center\"><b>\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Ainsi, sans tenir compte d&rsquo;aucune r\u00e9troaction (feedback) la temp\u00e9rature augmenterait de 1.25 to 2.28\u00b0C depuis le d\u00e9but de l&rsquo;\u00e8re industrielle; avec une r\u00e9troaction de -1.3 W m<sup>-2<\/sup> K<sup>-1<\/sup> qui combine les effets de la loi de Planck, de la vapeur d&rsquo;eau, des nuages, de l&rsquo;albedo et du gradient selon l&rsquo;altitude <a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftn6\">[6]<\/a>, l&rsquo;augmentation anthropog\u00e9nique de la temp\u00e9rature serait de 0.93 to 1.20 \u00b0C, ou augmenterait de 0.65 to 0.85 \u00b0C par rapport \u00e0 la situation actuelle.<\/p>\n<h2>Au vu de ce r\u00e9sultat vaut-il la peine de se faire des soucis?<\/h2>\n<p>Probablement pas. Et alors il ne restera plus rien \u00e0 br\u00fbler que de la biomasse renouvelable!<\/p>\n<p>L&rsquo;impact d&rsquo;environ un degr\u00e9 sur la temp\u00e9rature de l&rsquo;atmosph\u00e8re restera bien cach\u00e9 derri\u00e8res de plus larges variations caus\u00e9es par d&rsquo;autres facteurs.<\/p>\n<p>C&rsquo;est pourquoi il n&rsquo;y a aucune urgence \u00e0 adopter des mesures de contr\u00f4le drastiques et il est plus sage pour nous et pour les g\u00e9n\u00e9rations futures de prendre le temps de s&rsquo;adapter si besoin est \u00e0 des changements incertains et probablement insignifiants.<\/p>\n<p>Il est grand temps de ne rien faire plut\u00f4t que de terroriser les foules avec des sc\u00e9narios catastrophe.<\/p>\n<p>D\u00e9sol\u00e9 pour les activistes, ils auront \u00e0 trouver d&rsquo;autres raisons pour sauver la Plan\u00e8te. Ils pourraient bien commencer par nous sauver d&rsquo;eux-m\u00eames en se taisant pour une bonne fois.<\/p>\n<div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<hr align=\"left\" size=\"1\" width=\"33%\" \/>\n<div>\n<p><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/www.bp.com\/content\/dam\/bp\/pdf\/statistical-review\/statistical_review_of_world_energy_2013.pdf\">http:\/\/www.bp.com\/content\/dam\/bp\/pdf\/statistical-review\/statistical_review_of_world_energy_2013.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hydrate_de_m%C3%A9thane\">http:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hydrate_de_m%C3%A9thane<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref3\">[3]<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/cdiac.ornl.gov\/trends\/emis\/meth_reg.html\">http:\/\/cdiac.ornl.gov\/trends\/emis\/meth_reg.html<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a> Myhre et al. \u201cNew estimates of radiative forcing due to well mixed greenhouse gases.\u201d<br \/>\nGeophysical Research Letters, Vol. 25, No.14, pages 2715-2718, July 15, 1998<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/folk.uio.no\/gunnarmy\/paper\/myhre_grl98.pdf\">http:\/\/folk.uio.no\/gunnarmy\/paper\/myhre_grl98.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref5\">[5]<\/a> <a href=\"http:\/\/climate.mr-int.ch\/TwoLayersClimateModel.html\">http:\/\/climate.mr-int.ch\/TwoLayersClimateModel.html<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<p><a title=\"\" href=\"#_ftnref6\">[6]<\/a> Bony Sandrine, Colman Robert, Kattsov Vladimir M., Allan Richard P., Bretherton Christopher S., Dufresne Jean-Louis, Hall Alex, Hallegatte Stephane, Holland Marika M., Ingram William, Randall David A., Soden Brian J., Tselioudis George, and Webb Mark J.<br \/>\n\u201cHow Well Do We Understand and Evaluate Climate Change Feedback Processes?\u201d<br \/>\nJ. Climate, 19, 2006, 3445\u20133482<br \/>\n<a href=\"http:\/\/journals.ametsoc.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1175\/JCLI3819.1\">http:\/\/journals.ametsoc.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1175\/JCLI3819.1<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Si et quand toutes les r\u00e9serves de carburants fossiles auront \u00e9t\u00e9 br\u00fbl\u00e9es la concentration atmosph\u00e9rique de gaz carbonique atteindra 925 ppm.<br \/>\n\u00c0 ce niveau un simple mod\u00e8le statique de l&rsquo;atmosph\u00e8re \u00e0 deux niveaux indique que la temp\u00e9rature aura augment\u00e9 de 0.9 \u00e0 1.2 \u00b0C depuis le d\u00e9but de l&rsquo;\u00e8re industrielle.<br \/>\nIl n&rsquo;y a clairement aucune raison de terroriser les foules avec des sc\u00e9narios catasrophe.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":844,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"iawp_total_views":8,"footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[38,12,31,13],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-804","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-climat","category-politics-fr","category-societe-fr","category-science-technology-fr"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.mr-int.ch\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/804","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.mr-int.ch\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.mr-int.ch\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.mr-int.ch\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.mr-int.ch\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=804"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/blog.mr-int.ch\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/804\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.mr-int.ch\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/844"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog.mr-int.ch\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=804"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.mr-int.ch\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=804"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog.mr-int.ch\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=804"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}